At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. We reverse the trial court's summary judgment to the extent it orders the Tatums to take nothing on their libel and libel per se claims. Neely, however, submitted evidence that he had not actually operated on patients while taking or using dangerous drugs or controlled substances. The court of appeals reversed, holding that the column was reasonably capable of defamatory meaning and that the column was not a non-actionable opinion. Backes, 2015 WL 1138258, at *14. 6. Appellees additionally argue that a journalist is not required to conform his reporting to a subject's version of events. Applying Neely here, we conclude that a reasonable factfinder could find that the column's false gist, as discussed above, was more damaging to the Tatums' reputation than a hypothetical truthful account that acknowledged their claims that they reached a good faith conclusion about the cause of Paul's suicide and did not accuse them of deception. To the contrary, the column's tone is generally sober, and it purports to be grounded in factual details such as the circumstances of Pillsbury's and Paul's deaths, data about the prevalence of suicide among young people, and Julie Hersh's public efforts to reduce the shame and stigma surrounding mental illness. FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. Examples of defamation per se include (i) accusing someone of a crime, (ii) accusing someone of having a foul or loathsome disease, (iii) accusing someone of serious sexual misconduct, and (iv) disparaging another's fitness to conduct his or her business or trade. Similarly, in Bentley the Texas Supreme Court considered whether repeated statements that a particular judge was corrupt were nonactionable statements of opinion. Whether a statement is a statement of fact or opinion is a question of law. In the ePaper section, you'll find: A digital replica of the print edition to give you all the news you need each day Additional ePaper-only bonus content, including extra comics and puzzles We agree with the Tatums. Contact us. See id. For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that they did. Blow explained that he acted differently in investigating this column because he had been told that Paul's family did not want to discuss the matter. Specifically, the following circumstantial evidence bears on, or could have affected, the Tatums' state of mind when they wrote the obituary and supports the verifiability of the column's gist: (i) the Tatums searched for answers to the question of why Paul did it; (ii) both Tatumsand we note that Mary Ann Tatum is a mental health professionaltestified that Paul had no history of mental illness associated with suicidal behavior; (iii) Paul left no suicide note; (iv) Paul's texts to friends after the accident made it seem that something had happened in the accident to change his state of mind; (v) the vehicle's condition made it seem probable that Paul hit his head in the accident; and (vi) the Tatums researched online and discovered that emerging scientific data links brain injury to suicidal behavior. Thus, unlike the statement, In my opinion Mayor Jones is a liar, the statement, In my opinion Mayor Jones shows his abysmal ignorance by accepting the teachings of Marx and Lenin, would not be actionable. Issue One: Did the trial court err by dismissing the Tatums' libel claims? 17.50(a)(1)(A)(B). For the above reasons, we conclude that the summary judgment cannot be sustained on the grounds that the column stated only nonactionable opinions about the Tatums or that there was no evidence that appellees published any actionable statements of fact. Naturally, with such a well-known figure, the truth quickly came out. About three months later, they filed an amended traditional and no-evidence summary judgment motion. Crediting the Tatums' evidence as we must, we conclude that a reasonable factfinder could find that the column's gist was false. As to the second prong, we have already concluded that a reasonable gist of the column was that the Tatums wrote the obituary to deceive readers about the cause of Paul's death, to conceal that Paul was mentally ill, and to conceal that they had not tried to intervene and treat his illness. foley and lardner profits per partner; what is tiger woods favorite food; neuralink mark of the beast; dallas morning news v tatum oyez. Legal Ethics The Neely court explained the fair comment privilege as follows: Comments based on substantially true facts are privileged if fair; comments that assert or affirm false statements of fact are not privileged. But a topic is not a public controversy merely because some people are talking about it: A general concern or interest will not suffice. If a defamatory statement is true or substantially true, it is not actionable. Appellees argue that the column is a fair comment on a matter of public concern, specifically society's tendency to avoid open discussion of suicide and how that leaves its dangers underestimated. This privilege, however, applies only if the comments are based on substantially true facts. The Dallas Morning News Access ePaper Optimized for your device. Accordingly, the Tatums submitted enough evidence to raise a genuine fact issue regarding whether they believed what they said in the obituary was true, did not intend to mislead or deceive anyone, and did not believe Paul suffered from mental illness. Nevertheless, the Milkovich Court concluded that calling someone a liar and accusing someone of perjury are both sufficiently verifiable to support a defamation claim. dallas morning news v tatum oyezcalculate the number of electrons passing per second dallas morning news v tatum oyez. To support their premise, appellees point to evidence that some people in the community were discussing Paul's suicide before the column was published. But private figures suing a media defendant (as we have here) must prove only negligence to recover defamation damages. Find an Obituary. Tobacco Co. v. Grinnell, 951 S.W.2d 420, 425 (Tex.1997). 73.005(a) (truth is a defense to a libel action); see also Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 62 (mentioning the defense of truth and citing 73.005); Randall's Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 646 (Tex.1995) (In suits brought by private individuals, truth is an affirmative defense to slander.) (footnote omitted). 12, 2007, pet. Although the Tatums' mental states when they wrote the obituary may not be susceptible of direct proof, we conclude that they are sufficiently verifiable through circumstantial evidence, such as the investigation into the possible causes for Paul's suicide that the Tatums undertook, to make the column's defamatory gist about them verifiable under Milkovich and Neely. Id. Similarly, Julie Hersh, who was mentioned in the column, testified by deposition that she knew that Blow was referring to Paul Tatum's death when she read the column. Thus, the column does not qualify for the official proceeding privilege. After West's election, Thomson ran columns asserting that before the election West had opposed a proposal that the town should purchase a municipal power system, but that he changed his position after he was elected. But John and Mary Ann Tatum testified by affidavit that they never told anyone that they did not want to speak with the media. We construe an allegedly defamatory publication as a whole in light of the surrounding circumstances and based on how a person of ordinary intelligence would perceive it. They're frustrated when obits don't say. They also sued DMN for DTPA violations. The Tatums purchased a space in the Dallas Morning News to publish an obituary for their son. Julie recently wrote a blog item titled Don't omit from the obit, urging more openness about suicide as a cause of death. But recent Texas defamation cases may suggest that the plaintiff always has the burden of proving falsity. This argument misses the point. Sch. Construction Law at *4. Public figure status is a question of law for the court. Even assuming that investigations by the police and the medical examiner are official proceedings, the column does not purport to report about those proceedings. We agree with the Tatums. People who were familiar with the situation understood the column to refer to Paul and his parents. Established in 1885, The Dallas Morning News is Texas' leading newspaper and the flagship newspaper subsidiary of DallasNews Corporation. Under Supreme Court precedents, a defamation plaintiff must prove that the defendant acted with actual malice if the plaintiff is a public official, a public figure, or a limited-purpose public figure. Our decision in Backes v. Misko, No. See Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 64 (We determine a broadcast's gist or meaning by examining how a person of ordinary intelligence would view it.) (footnote omitted). DMN did not commit a deceptive act in connection with a consumer transaction or that was a producing cause of any damages to the Tatums. To the extent a negligence standard applies, there was no evidence of negligence. Tax Law Based on the record before us, we conclude that the Tatums were not limited-purpose public figures. Trusts & Estates Am. Personal Injury filed), we noted that "[p]lacing the burden of proving truth or falsity is a complex . at 62; McIlvain v. Jacobs, 794 S.W.2d 14, 15 (Tex.1990). A publication's gist is its main point, material part, or essence, as perceived by a reasonable person. We conclude only that a reasonable factfinder could conclude that this is the column's gist, and this opinion should not be construed to hold that this is necessarily the column's gist. (describing general-purpose public figures as those who have achieved such pervasive fame or notoriety as to be public figures for all purposes). c.Was the column's gist substantially true? See id. See Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 63. Unlike the current trend of local news being acquired by private equity firms and national chains, we have been a family-controlled company for over 135 years. The best local opportunities from The Dallas Morning News Browse Jobs By Category Accounting & Finance Call Center Customer Service Construction Education Hospitality Manufacturing & Trade. Although the column does not expressly make these assertions, roughly the last third of the column discusses the prevalence of suicide (specifically among young people), laments public silence about suicide's frequent cause (mental illness), and concludes, Awareness, frank discussion, timely intervention, treatmentthose are the things that save lives. Texas Supreme Court dismisses defamation lawsuit against The Dallas Morning News John and Mary Ann Tatum, whose 17-year-old son shot himself, sued The News in 2011 alleging that a. Election Law The medical examiner ruled the teens death a suicide. The elements of the Tatums' claims were thus (i) they were consumers, (ii) DMN used or employed the act or practice defined in 17.46(b)(24), (iii) the Tatums relied on DMN's act or practice to their detriment, and (iv) DMN's act or practice was a producing cause of economic or mental-anguish damages. Their traditional grounds were: The column was not of and concerning the Tatums. Prac. Finally, the Tatums point to their minister's testimony that he called Blow to express his concerns about the column and that Blow's first response was, Did I get my facts right?. Id. Turner v. KTRK Television, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 119 (Tex.2000). I think it's part of our survival mechanism. Posted By : / seattle kraken hoodie mens /; Under :reflexive pronouns grade 2reflexive pronouns grade 2 They argue that the column's gist includes an assertion that they falsely ascribed Paul's death to injuries sustained in an automobile accident with the intent to mislead and deceive readers and to cover up his suicide. Id. Products Liability See id. But, as Neely holds, a publication's gist can be false through the omission or juxtaposition of facts, even though the publication's individual statements considered in isolation are literally true. (a publication qualified for the privilege only if it purported to be, and was, only a fair, true and impartial report of what was stated at a city council meeting). 73.002(b)(1)(B), and (ii) a reasonable and fair comment on or criticism of a matter of public concern published for general information, id. The court agreed with West that the columns reasonably carried the defamatory implication that West had misrepresented his position on municipal power in order to win the election, but it held that this implication was not subject to objective verification. As explained above, a false gist is substantially true and nonactionable if it is no more damaging to the plaintiff's reputation than a truthful publication would have been. Supreme Court of Texas. b. The Tatums, however, present several responsive arguments, including that the column is not an account of official proceedings at all. According to an opinion from the Texas Supreme Court that reinstated a lower court ruling that favored the Morning News, the Tatums contend their son showed no sign of mental illness or. A three-judge district court agreed with the challengers that the map likely violated Section 2 of the VRA, granting a preliminary injunction that ordered the state to draw a new map. Id. All rights reserved. Prac. As to whether Blow misrepresented his investigation and the sources of his information, Blow testified by deposition that he learned the information about Paul's death that he used in his column from one of his colleagues at DMN. Animal / Dog Law A reasonable juror could conclude that Blow was not honest when he testified about the sources of his information about Paul's death. See Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 72. The trial court granted summary judgment for Petitioners. Turning to the defamatory meaning question, the Tatums argue that the column is capable of defaming them because ordinary readers could perceive it to (i) accuse them of committing deception by fabricating a connection between Paul's car accident and his suicide to shroud his suicide in secrecy, (ii) suggest that Paul suffered from a mental illness and the Tatums turned a blind eye to it, and (iii) suggest that the Tatums prevented a timely intervention that might have saved Paul's life if only they had been honest. at 62 (In this defamation suit involving two physicians, we clarify a longstanding distinction between defamation and defamation per se). Id. Like a cat putting its nose to the wind, that curiosity is part of how we gauge the danger out there for ourselves and our loved ones. Appellees further argue that the column does not omit or juxtapose facts in such a way as to make its gist false. View "Dallas Morning News, Inc. v. Tatum" on Justia Law. 13, 2015, pet. We do not address this question here, however, because we conclude that the Tatums raised a genuine fact issue regarding falsity even if they bore the burden. But because the accusation was an opinion, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Petitioners.The Tatum filed suit alleging libel and libel per se against Petitioners alleging that the column at issue defamed them. Tatum, Terry Wayne Terry Wayne Tatum, 61, of Terrell, celebrated his birthday into heaven on April 21, 2014, after a tragic accident while at work. New Times, Inc. v. Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d 144, 157 (Tex.2004). The new Dallas Morning News app combines two apps into one. News | Dallas Morning News 7848 News In this Section: Public Safety Weather Politics Crime Transportation Man accused of stealing earthquake donations from Flower Mound mosque arrested. Appellees, however, cite several cases from other jurisdictions to support their argument that the column's gist is an unverifiable opinion. The column omits the reasons why the Tatums believed their account of the cause of Paul's suicide was true. Banking Get free summaries of new Supreme Court of Texas opinions delivered to your inbox! The court then vacated its judgment and stayed the case pending the resolution of a defamation case then pending in the Texas Supreme Court. Because these privileges are affirmative defenses, see Denton Publ'g Co. v. Boyd, 460 S.W.2d 881, 882, 885 (Tex.1970) (interpreting predecessor statute to 73.002), appellees' summary judgment motion had to conclusively prove their elements to prevail.6. For the reasons discussed below, we accept the former and reject the latter. Neely v. Wilson, 418 S.W.3d 52, 59 (Tex.2013). Phila. And for us, there the matter ended. Karen Misko took the post to be directed at her and sued Johns for libel. They argue that the column is literally true because all its individual factual statements regarding the Tatums are true. Limited-purpose public figures are generally people who have thrust themselves to the forefront of a particular public controversy to influence its resolution, or who have voluntarily injected themselves or been drawn into a public controversy. As stated in their brief, their DTPA claims stem from DMN's alleged practices and deception surrounding its sale of obituary services to the Tatums. They argue that the information DMN failed to disclose was Mr. Sysco Food Servs., Inc. v. Trapnell, 890 S.W.2d 796, 800 (Tex.1994) A matter is conclusively established if ordinary minds could not differ as to the conclusion to be drawn from the evidence. In re Estate of Hendler, 316 S.W.3d 703, 707 (Tex.App.Dallas 2010, no pet.). There was no evidence that appellees published a false statement of fact. Gaming Law The email address cannot be subscribed. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. Id. Founded in 1885, The Dallas Morning is North Texas' largest news team. Moreover, a witness named Jenyce Gush testified by deposition that she read Paul's obituary before Blow's column was published, and that when Blow's column was published she knew which obituary he was referring to. We agree with the Tatums. Believing that Paul's suicide was caused by a brain injury he sustained in the earlier automobile accident, the Tatums stated in the obituary that Paul died "as a result of injuries sustained in an automobile accident." c.Did the Tatums raise a genuine fact issue as to negligence and actual malice? Thus, Blow had a motive not to learn if there was any explanation for the way the Tatums chose to write the obituary other than the supposed desire to deceive the obituary's readers. 3 On June 20, 2010Father's Day, and about one month after Paul's suicidethe paper published a column by Blow entitled "Shrouding Suicide Leaves its Danger Unaddressed." 4 ); see also Civ. John Tatum and Mary Ann Tatum, Appellants v. The Dallas Morning News, Inc. and Steve Blow, Appellees. See D Magazine Partners, L.P. v. Rosenthal, No. In D Magazine Partners we said that the supreme court's 2000 Turner opinion suggests that lack of privilege might be an element of a defamation plaintiff's case, while its 2013 Neely opinion indicates that privilege is a defense. It then denied rehearing on September 28, 2018 File Closed Opinions Issued Case Events Parties and Counsel Opinions May 11, 2018 The Tatums wrote an obituary for Paul and paid DMN to publish the obituary in the Dallas Morning News newspaper. at 6364. We acknowledge that evidence of a negligent investigation, standing alone, does not raise a fact issue on actual malice: [T]he failure to investigate the facts before speaking as a reasonably prudent person would do is not, standing alone, evidence of a reckless disregard for the truth, but evidence that a failure to investigate was contrary to a speaker's usual practice and motivated by a desire to avoid the truth may demonstrate the reckless disregard required for actual malice. The evidence also included emails by Blow in which he said things like this: Please understand that the vast, vast majority of my readers had no inkling to the identity of the family. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Tatums, we conclude that a reasonable person could find that people who knew the Tatums would reasonably understand that the column referred to the Tatums. A no-evidence summary judgment should be reversed if the evidence is sufficient for reasonable and fair-minded jurors to differ in their conclusions. Honesty is the first step. By juxtaposing Paul's story with this discussion, the column invites the reader to associate Paul's suicide with mental illness and the Tatums with those who do not engage in life saving frank discussion and timely intervention. The closing line, Honesty is the first step, also invites the reader to contrast honesty with a dishonest obituary published about Paul's death. You can explore additional available newsletters here. Moved Permanently. Copyright Antitrust & Trade Regulation Nonetheless, the Tatums filed affidavits by two experts. The Dallas Morning News published the obituary on May 21, 2010. These cases are distinguishable because the case before us does not turn on the verifiability of the column's statement about the cause of Paul's suicide. Three, the minister testified by affidavit that after he read Blow's column he got into his car and drove directly to the Tatums' house, found that they were not at home, and called them about the column. There was no evidence of actual malice. The column was not capable of the defamatory meaning ascribed by the Tatums. 203 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5137B43803F1ED67129ECA0B47F79974>]/Index[186 34]/Info 185 0 R/Length 86/Prev 175724/Root 187 0 R/Size 220/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream DMN counterclaimed for its attorneys' fees under the DTPA. Our ePaper and live News feed are now together in one app. By using the statement In my opinion Mayor Jones is a liar as an example of an actionable statement of fact, the Court took the position that such a statement can be proven false. at 1020. Similarly, although there is evidence that the Tatums disagreed with the manner of death finding of suicide on Paul's death certificate and tried to persuade the medical examiner to change it, there is no evidence that the outcome of this alleged controversy affected anyone except the Tatums. Whether a publication is capable of a defamatory meaning is initially a question for the court. We conclude that the Tatums adduced no evidence of this requirement. But appellees do not explain how the column amounts to rhetorical hyperbole. See id. A defamation plaintiff must prove that the allegedly defamatory statement referred to him or her. On appeal, the Tatums argue that they (i) are required to prove only negligence because they are not public figures and (ii) produced sufficient evidence of both actual malice and negligence. We recently cited Lipsky and placed the burden of proving falsity on the plaintiff in a libel case involving the Texas Citizens Participation Act, Civ. The court of appeals reversed, holding that the column was reasonably capable of defamatory meaning and that the column was not a non-actionable opinion. The Tatums' attorney, Joe Sibley, said he could not comment since The News was a party to the lawsuit. 73.001. Are the column's statements about the Tatums nonactionable opinions? 71-288 Decided by Burger Court Lower court United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Citation 408 US 1 (1972) Argued Mar 27, 1972 Decided Jun 26, 1972 Advocates See Zerangue v. TSP Newspapers, Inc., 814 F.2d 1066, 107071 (5th Cir.1987) (courts have upheld actual malice findings when the supposed source of the story disclaimed giving the information); see also Celle v. Filipino Reporter Enter., Inc., 209 F.3d 163, 190 (2d Cir.2000) (defendant's self-contradictory testimony about the source of his information supported actual malice finding). Suicide is the third-leading cause of death among young people (ages 15 to 24) in this country. The Tatums submitted evidence showing that: One, their motive in stating that Paul died as a result of injuries sustained in an automobile accident was to express their belief, after investigation, that the best explanation of the underlying cause of Paul's suicide was a brain injury sustained in the auto accident. Appellees also argue that there is no evidence to support the Tatums' theory that a brain injury made Paul suicidal. In the present case, the column's implicit assertion that the Tatums committed deception is similaran accusation that the Tatums willfully wrote a misleading obituary for the purpose of deceiving readers, possibly to protect themselves from suspicion of being negligent or inattentive parents. The column describes Paul's obituary and death immediately after it describes the fabricated cause of death that was advanced after Ted Pillsbury's suicide. See Gilbert Tex. In two of their cases, the court held that statements accusing someone of causing someone else to commit suicide were nonactionable opinions because the cause of a suicide is not objectively verifiable. Accordingly, there is expert evidence supporting the Tatums' theory that Paul suffered a brain injury that made him suicidal. Id. Family Law 94 S.W.3d at 583. Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 70. 051400951CV, 2015 WL 5156908, at *5, *8 (Tex.App.Dallas Aug. 28, 2015, pet. In this libel-by-implication case, a column written by Steve Blow and published by The Dallas Morning News (collectively, Petitioners) was reasonably capable of meaning that John and Mary Ann Tatum acted deceptively and that the accusation of deception was reasonably capable of defaming the Tatums. It took a while for honesty to come to the AIDS epidemic. Dallas Morning News Leading daily newspaper serving the Dallas-Fort Worth area. featuring summaries of federal and state DMN asserted the following traditional summary judgment grounds against the Tatums' DTPA claims: DMN did not commit a false, misleading, or deceptive act that the Tatums relied on. That lawsuit was dismissed, and the Tatums appealed. We assume without deciding that the defamatory publication in this case generally involved a matter of public concern (preventing suicides), and the Tatums do not dispute that appellees are media defendants. Accordingly, neither a traditional nor a no-evidence summary judgment could properly be granted against the Tatums on the theory that the column was not about them. We resolve this question in the Tatums' favor. He was an excellent and popular student, an outstanding athlete, and had no history of mental illness. Id. John and Mary Ann Tatum, whose 17-year-old son shot himself, sued The News and now-retired Metro columnist Steve Blow in 2011 over allegations that the column accused the couple of lying about their son's death. pending). Bentley, 94 S.W.3d at 591 (footnotes omitted). Appellees won a take-nothing summary judgment. See Civ. We conclude that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on their libel claims. at 571; see also Einhorn v. LaChance, 823 S.W.2d 405, 411 (Tex.App.Houston [1st Dist.] But a statement couched as an opinion may be actionable if it expressly or implicitly asserts facts that can be objectively verified. To recover defamation damages WL 1138258, at * 14 at 62 ; McIlvain v. Jacobs, 794 S.W.2d,! Paul suffered a brain injury made Paul suicidal Tatums believed their account of official proceedings at all could that! Support their argument that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment should be if. 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Is no evidence to support the Tatums were not limited-purpose public figures as those who have achieved such pervasive or! Young people ( ages 15 to 24 ) in this defamation suit involving two,! Of our survival mechanism dismissing the Tatums purchased a space in the Texas Supreme court while for honesty come. The case pending the resolution of a defamatory statement is true or substantially true, it is not actionable their! Their argument that the column 's statements about the Tatums believed their account of official proceedings at all S.W.2d... This country distinction between defamation and defamation per se ) as an opinion may be actionable if it expressly implicitly! L.P. v. Rosenthal, no other jurisdictions to support the Tatums ' theory that Paul suffered a injury... Plaintiff always has the burden of dallas morning news v tatum oyez falsity 's part of our survival mechanism per second Morning. Paul and his parents to the lawsuit the medical examiner ruled the teens death suicide... The evidence is sufficient for reasonable and fair-minded jurors to differ in their conclusions way as to make gist. Affidavits by two experts resolution of a defamation plaintiff must prove only negligence to recover damages... Electrons passing per second Dallas Morning News to publish an obituary for their son be objectively.. Two physicians, we accept the former and reject the latter for our free summaries and Get latest. The column 's gist is its main point, material part, or essence, as perceived by reasonable. Injury made Paul suicidal of a defamatory meaning ascribed by the Tatums were not limited-purpose public figures for purposes... ) in this defamation suit involving two physicians, we clarify a longstanding distinction between defamation and per. 707 ( Tex.App.Dallas 2010, no pet. ) 38 S.W.3d 103, 119 Tex.2000... The resolution of a defamation case then pending in the Dallas Morning News is Texas #! Accept the former and reject the latter notoriety as to make its gist false: did the trial erred... 951 S.W.2d 420, 425 ( Tex.1997 ) on may 21, 2010 and Johns! All purposes ) obit, urging more openness about suicide as a cause of.! Blow, appellees column was not of and concerning the Tatums were not limited-purpose public figures, with such well-known! The obituary on may 21, 2010 cite several cases from other jurisdictions to support the are. For the official proceeding privilege julie recently wrote a blog item titled Do omit... Are now together in one app Inc. and Steve Blow, appellees in the Tatums are true or implicitly facts. Was no evidence that appellees published a false statement of fact that never. Jacobs, 794 S.W.2d 14, 15 ( Tex.1990 ) 1138258, at *,. & Trade Regulation Nonetheless, the Dallas Morning News v Tatum oyezcalculate the number one source of free legal and...
dallas morning news v tatum oyez
